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语法笔记,给offer dd和各位托友

水木清华lebice

最后的总复习:把所有做错的题目写出来,把正确答案安上,熟读或背诵。
填空题的作题方法
1.先看句子的分界点(即连词,介词,分词和标点符号)
选择要看的兔子内容,即只关注空格所在句子
2.简化句子:
a-副词adv. b-介词短语(句首除外) c-作定语的形容词
d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语 e-与空格无关的句子
3.分析句子结构,判断空格中所缺的句子成分
捷径:可套用固定结构或句型
4.区分选项,结合句意和语感--------->确定答案
填空分类:
简单句,主从句(状语从句,定语从句),倒装句,平行结构,同位语结构
改错的做题方法:敏感和熟练是唯一的秘诀
1.语法和句意并重
2.先看句子结构,边读句意考虑划线部分的语法知识点
3.熟练掌握各种错误类型,对特殊词形成特殊反应
4.读句子要读全,避免无谓失误
填空的固定结构
一、主句专一结构
任何句子只有一个主句,句子之间必须有连词连接
句子之间必须有连词连接
*句子,句子永远错
二、谓语专一结构
任何句子只有一个谓语,谓语之间必须有连词连接,谓语可以是两个动词的并列形

*主谓,谓 错
三、平行结构
A,B,or/and C
A, B,C三个元素必须对应
四、宾语从句结构
宾从:S+Vt+(that + SVO)
*看到这些Vt后,第一反应找that(讲义P21)
indicate, state, regard, demonstrate, find, estimate, show, hold,
insist, say, tell, believe, think, learn
宾语从句中,that在下列词后可省:
believe, think, suppose, presume, say, see, know, hear, propose,
heat
understand, be told
五、what结构
(A) what=the thing that=all that,thing由句意决定
(B) what必须在前后句中都作成分
(C) noun.+what 永远错
(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词,可以用作介词或者动词的宾语
what+V=the thing that +V
prep. + what + V
*prep. + what + 完整句子 永远错,改为which
Vt + what + V
(E) what的出题方法
(1) prep___________V
(2) Vt ___________V
(F)*what is now 永远对,做插入语成分
where + V 永远错,因为where是adv.
(G) what little = a little what
六、介词+which结构
which只能用于定语从句,在从句中必须作主/宾语
(A)SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)
(B)SVO+prep.+which+完整句
*句子________句子,优先选择prep+which
(C)介词+which+to do 条件是主语必须一致
七、in that 结构
in that = because 连词,出现就是正确答案
不能位于句首:句子 in that 结构
~~~~~~~~~
*如果发现 句子_______句子,优先选择prep+which和in that结构
八、同位语结构
主同,宾同,n
同位语说明主/宾某一方面的内容
(A)主语同位语的三种位置
1. 主同,主谓宾--------------noun,SVO
逗号前的名词只能是主同
2. S,主同,VO
3. 主同主谓宾
(B)宾语同位语的两个位置
主谓宾,宾同 主谓宾宾同
*同位语从句是名词性从句:
.......+noun.+that+SVO that 是关系副词
SVO来说明noun.
*adv.不能修饰任何名词
但是adv.+同位语是正确的:...,(which is)approximately the distance .
九、形容词的并列结构--------->可参考改错类型十
(A) adj adj adj + noun.
n个adj不并列,有确定的先后顺序
(B) 当多个形容词用逗号连接时,这几个形容词完全对等,无先后顺序(逗号相当
于and)
*选项中有复合形容词即为答案
十、比较结构
(A)对称性:比较对象应该对称
* 选that/those/the one------泛指
不选it/them---------------特指
(B)省略性:相同的谓语结构可以省,be动词通常省
(C)倒装性:(more) than 后可以倒装也可以不倒装
十一、定语从句的省略结构
(A)定语从句中,主+系 可以同时省略
即 that+be, which+be, who+be 可省
(B)定从的特殊省略
eg:I do remember the first time I have heard the sweetest voice
in th
e world.
1、the time后面通常+句子,因为(when,that)都省略
2、the reason (why, that)+句子
3、the way (in which) + 句子
(C)定从中,如果that/which在定从中作宾语(讲义P26)
that/which 可省略(作主语不可省)
SVO+(that,which)+S+Vt
...noun.+(which,that) noun. +Vt
*题目中两个名次连不上的情况即省略发生了(讲义No.27)。
十二、状语从句的省略结构
省略的条件:1、特定的连词(状语从句引导词)
when, while, if, Although, Even though,as
2、特定的从句
从句为主系表结构
3、从句主语必须与主句主语一致
省略方式:可以同时省略 主+系 (连词+adj/分,SVO)
十三、doing结构(现在分词/动名词)
Starring troops have to surrender.
~~~~~~~~~现在分词与名词为修饰关系,相当于adj.,作定语或状语,意为“……

”,中心词为名词。
Doing exercise is a good habit.
~~~~~动名词是只有动词性的名词,做主语或宾语,意为“……的行为”,可以带

语,与名词之间是动宾关系,中心词是动名词。
*Doing 复数noun.+单V
十四、make结构
make +宾(noun.,代词)+宾补(noun.,adj), 必须加宾补
(A)make + noun. +noun.
make him president
~~~宾 ~~~~~~~~~宾补
(B)make +noun./pron + adj.
make it/the animal unique
(C)make it possible to do
make it possible that +宾从
~~形式宾语
(D)make sth. possible make possible sth.
~~~短宾语 ~~~~~~~宾语补足语 ~~~长宾语
(E)make 成为
They make pets. 它们成为宠物。
十五、the more, the more结构
根本上说,是复合句,条件状语从句。
(A)对称性: 结构中的名词(主语)必须有限定词,即指示代词/人称代词/冠词等。

the more the +noun., the more the +noun.
(B)倒装性:前面不可以倒装,后面可以。
the more ..., the more....
~~~~~~~~~状语从句 ~~~~~~~~主句
(C)省略性:
相同的谓语可以省略,be 动词常省
十六、表结果的伴随状语结构
SVO,thus/thereby + doing
~~~~~~~~~~~~adv.
SVO, doing
*但是thus后面不一定加doing
十七、形容词短语(常见的考点)
a distance equal to twice around the world
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~完全等同于省略which be no的定语


noun.+(which be)+adj+prep+noun.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~此为形容词短语
animals capabale of secretions
十八、加名词或adj最高级的省略结构
...is the tallest (noun.) of the wading birds
the +adj.最高级+(单名)+of+复数
~~~~~永远省略
*the________of之间永远只有两种情况(1、名词 2、adj最高级) 考过很多次
其它皆错
a_________of之间只能是单数可数名词
十九、不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构
这部分主要是看不规则动词表
二十、规则动词的过分作后置定语结构
Automations programmed
比较下列各句:
We called him Bush.
He was called Bush. 过分,谓语
A person called Bush 过分,定语
先从逻辑上判断noun.和-ed的主/被动关系
若主动,则为过去式,谓语
若被动,有be动词,则为谓语
无be动词,后置定语
二十一、逻辑主语结构
现在分词,-┓
过去分词, ┝+SVO
介词短语,-┛
(A)分词本身应该有逻辑主语,必须和逻辑主语一致,如果不一致就一定要写出来,
即分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,即独立主格。
即如果名词写出来的话,就应该是noun.+doing
(B)doing,SVO
作状语的分词短语前可加when,while等连词(7个)
While(he was)traveling in New York, Tom met many interesting
People
.
(C)To do...,SVO
*不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语可不一致,但比较少见,绝大多数情况下一致。

To make stereo effects, two recordings are made the same performances.
To make stereo effects, the musician made two recordings the same
performanc
es.
*when to do, SVO 永远错(不能加状语从句引导词)
when to do 只能做主语和宾语,不能做状语
eg: I don’t know when to take the computer based test.
SVO,when to do . 错
*答案中有when to do 不要选
二十二、补足语
某些Vt.接宾语后句子意思不完整,必须加一名词或形容词来补充说明,即宾语补足语

Elect, consider, make, appoint, name, call
Elect: 主动形式:sb. Elect sb. Sth.
被动形式:sb. Be elected + 职务
+ to + 机构,意为“被选到”
+ to the office of + 职务
consider: 主动形式:sb. Consider + 宾语(名词1)+名词2 或形容词
被动形式:名词1 be considered to 名词2(形容词)
固定用法:consider + 名词1 + 名词2(应该优先选择)
name: name sb. Sth. Sb. be named sth.
二十三、宾语后置
make sth. possible -> make possible sth. 长宾语后置(讲义No.53)
bring sth. to sb.(sw.) -> bring to sb.(sw.) sth.
bring sth. together ->bring together sth.
bring sth. to light 揭示、发现、使看得见
二十四、it 结构
(A)强调句型
It +be+强调部分+who/that+其余部分
(1)强调人用who/that,其余只能用that
(2)只能强调主语,宾语,副词或副词性短语
不能强调形容词和动词,即谓语
(3)be的时态跟随原句
*强调部分与其余部分构成完整句。
(B)形式主语
It is 形容词/名词+ ┳to do
┗that +完整句(SVO)
It’s likely that... It was once believed that...
形式宾语
make it possible to do sth...
(C) it is 和 it was:如果强调部分是句子,而且是过去时态,用it was 以保持一


二十五、which引导定语从句结构
┏which +不完整句
SVO + ┣in which +完整句
┗数词 + of which + 谓宾 No.60/61:对其中的一部分进行解释
which在定语从句中做主语或宾语,但并不一定指代最近的名词
prep. + which + to do 也可以修饰名词,完全等同于定语从句,当主语一致时可

代替 eg.:94?
二十六、倒装结构
只有主句才能倒装,任何从句都是正常语序。
倒装句中不能出现there be 句型,因为他本身就已经倒装了,不能嵌套。
(A)否定性副词用于句首倒装
not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, rarely, in no way, on no
account,
no sooner than, under no circumsence
not only 前面倒装,后面不倒装
not until + 时间 + 主谓(倒装)
not until + 正常语序句子 +主谓(倒装)
*正确答案的首字母一定是助动词或系动词
(B)Only + 状语用于句首倒装
only 后面可以接 a.介词短语 only in recent years
b.副词 only recently
c.状语从句 only when...
(C)adj. 过去分词,现在分词作表语用于句首倒装:本质上是表、系、主的关系9608-15

adj.: typical / charactical
(D)So + adj. + be + 主语 + that + 主谓宾
*出现前四项,则找that
*so 位于句首几乎都是倒装,因为他本身不可以位于句首
(E)表地点的介词短语(做表语)用于句首,谓语动词是系动词,要倒装
*一些需要特别注意的介词:
In, At, Between, Among, Beneath
*一些需要特别注意的系动词:
be, lie, exist, rest, remain
(F)比较结构中,than 后面的部分可以倒装也可以不到装
(G)as 位于句中引起倒装
David is a good teacher, as are his family
二十七、双谓语结构NO.72-76
形式:_____V1...V2 两个谓语直接在一起
1.第一反应为主语从句:V1为从句谓语,V2为主句谓语
从句引导词+(SVO)+VO
S
2.Doing + 宾语从句引导词+宾语从句+V1...V2
S O V
3.what或名词都可以是答案
n. + of + what + V1 ... +V2
S O V
二十八、双宾语结构No.77
1. win, gain, earn
2. give, grant
sth. give sth. sth. eg.:内存给计算机以快速。
3. tell, persuade
tell sb. that 句子
persuade sb. that 句子 (新题第一册P196-13)
4. consider, make, call, appoint, elect, name 优先选择
二十九、三句子结构(新题第一册P183-12,P190-13)
形式:句子,句子,句子。
1.必须有两个连词
2.两个连词可以连在一起
句子,but when 句子,句子。
是并列连词,连接一个简单句和一个复合句
3.有连词的句子可以划掉不看
三十、as的几个用法
as...as出现就是正确答案
as far as is known 众所周知
as ...as possible
名词
一、重要的名词
(A)重要的可数名词
discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population,
effort, e
ffect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element,
function,
feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device,
structure, h
uman , human being, system, fashion, kind, resource, source, origin,
pioneer
, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety,
quantity, t
ype,influence, change
(B)常见的不可数名词
furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery,
weaponr
y, scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage,
advertising
, health
1. 流体不可数:water, coffee, oil
2. 自然现象不可数:rain, sunlight,
but a heavy rain 可以用
3. 颗粒状不可数: rice, salt, dust
4. 看不见摸不着的不可数-抽象名词
evidence(证据),intelligence(情报),advice (建议)皆不可数
5. 学科不可数
mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, politics, mechanics,
genetics,
geology, geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology, history
6. 疾病不可数: meales, munps(腮腺炎) , diabetes(糖尿病)
7. 总称不可数:poetry
(C)常见的不规则名词
*tooth, foot 一定错
man-men, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese,
basis-bases, analysis-analyses, crisis-crises, axis-axes,
hypothesis-hypotheses, alga-algae, lava-lavae,
fungus-fungi, stimulus-stimuli, datum-data, medium-media,
bacterium-bacteria, spectrum-spectra, mouse-mice,
child-children, phenomenon-phenomena
(D)常见的单复数同形的名词
aircraft, spacecraft 等 craft结尾的词
species, series, means(mean不加s不是名词)
sheep, deer, trout, carp, salmon, fish->fishes, fish
鱼类一般单复同形,且一律是复数
(E)单一复数意义有差异的名词
sky-skies(气候) water-waters(水系,永远不错)
good-goods(货物) part-parts(才能)
custom=customs(风俗) spectacle(风景)-spectacles(眼镜)
letter-letters(文字) arm-arms(武器)
force-forces (武装力量)
??:这些词加s后是另一个名词单数还是作为复数
(F)即可数又不可数的名词
不可数 可数
paper 纸 文件
rock 碎岩 块岩
collection 各种收藏品 同一种收藏品
sugar 砂糖 方糖
area 面积 地区
land 面积 区域
work 作品;工作 著作;工厂,工程,工事
room 空间 房间
time 时间 倍数,时代
* art, newspaper, food, beverage
art 泛指艺术 不可数
一种艺术 an art
各种各样的艺术 all arts
eighteen pieces of newspaper 十八张报纸
eighteen newspapers 十八种报纸
此类:强调种类就属于可数
**判断可数与否,1、有无“数”的概念,2、抽象或是具体
二、名词作定语的单复数问题
(A)名词作主语,即noun.修饰noun.,前面的名词必须是单数
color effects, employment agenenices, sentence form, tree trunks
例外:a sales girl, a sales tax
a greetings card, a sports car
a savings bank, a communications satellite
a systems engineering
(B)man或woman修饰noun.时,其单复数应该同时变
a woman boxer->women boxers, women nurses
(C)表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科书、实验室等教学要素时,只能用学科名本身修

a mathematical professor 错
a biological textbook 错
the chemical lab 错
the highest scientific award 错
a mathematical model 对
三、重要的限定词
(A) many + 复数
much + 不可数n
看见many 去找Cn.,看见much 找 Un.
as many as
50 percent of the money
~~~~~~不可数 ~~~~~不可数
many和much可为代词
many of..., much of..., ...by many
(B)some,any 后跟单/复数, 不可数/可数 均可,some 一般用于肯定句
some object 某一物体
some objects 一些物体
some money 一些钱
也可作代词:some of..., any of...
(C)few/a few, little/a little
~~~~~~~~+可数 ~~~~~~~~~~~+不可数
a few of the books 也可以做代词
few+复数 是判断正误的技巧
(D)every/each + 单可
each major styles 错
each ten boys 对
every four years 对
(E)数词/several + 复数
five aircraft 对
several setting 错
*看见several就要找复数形式
(F)one of/among + 复数
* be considered (to be) +noun./adj.
be regareded as
be viewed as
(G)first/only/single + 单/复均可
the first school 第一所学校
the first schools 第一批学校
  a single + 单可 two single rooms 两个单人间
  no single + 复可
only 表示排他性,而不是表示“一个”
 (H)hundred,thousand,million,billion
考察数词和量词的区分: 有数词时,量词一定加s
无数词时,量词一定加s+of
five hundred boys, hundreds of boys, hundred million boys
(I)another + 单可,也可以间接加复数名词:another two girls
   other + 复名(纯粹的other)
   例外:other part .(part 永远对)
(J) a number of + 复noun. + 复Verb
the number of + 复noun. + 单verb
The amount fo leisue time is increasing
冠词(缺失与多余为重点和难点)
(A)a/an 划线,80%都是错误的
1. a与an的区别 (发音而非字母)
an: herb undergraduate understanding oyster honest emotion
atom

a : unique university unite yawn
2. a与复数名词的混用
an outstanding methods.
3. 不定冠词a的遗漏
(1)固定短语中a的遗漏
a set of, a piece of, a variety of, a series of,
a collection of , a wide range of
a wealth of + 不可数名词(information)
(2)强调可数名词的单数概念(每次都考)
且无其它限定词,必须用不定冠词
也就是说,单数可数名词前必须有限定词(指示代词,人称代词,不定代词,冠词,所
有格)
* v+单数可数名词 错
prep+单数可数名词 错
of humid area area可数,所以错
of prize fighter fighter可数,所以错
of raindrop 亦然
例外:a. a part of= part of
part 永远对
b. 表示职务、身份、亲属关系的词可以单独使用
Little Bush, son of George Bush, is running for the office
of
president.
c. 表示“种类”名词后所接noun可单独使用
type of , kind of, sort of, category of shoe
d. 表示某一方面的名词可单独使用,表示抽象的概念不可数
All cells differ in function, in size, in color, in shape
in + 单数名词 “在某一方面,领域”
e.固定词组中的名词不要改变:in response of in danger of
(B)定冠词 (the ,表特指)
the astronomy, the nitrogen, the iron, in the history,
in the nature, of the human body, on the right side
这些名词前都不能加the
1. 表示“独一无二”的事物
the Great Wall, the Sun, the Moon, the Earth,the Great Lakes
2. 关于序数词
* 序数词只有作前置定语修饰noun,才必须加the
年代:in the seventeenth century
排序:the eight(h) element (is)......
* 序数词考两点:a. 加不加the
b. 是eight或eighth (单词)
陷阱: a. Utah ranks first among...
b. A is second only to B.“仅次于”
3. adj.最高级作前置定语修饰noun,才必须加the.
the most desolate region(S)
the most ... area(s)
adj+est 后可以是复数。
4. 四大洋,河流,湖泊前必须加the
Winds from the Atlantic Ocean
5. “人体” the human body
“普通人” the average person
the common person
6. 表示“开始”与“结束”,必须加the
the beginning( 可以加s) the end
7. 学科前不加the
the astrology错
元素前不加the
Iron, Nitrogen
8. nature
a. 在自然界 in nature
b. ... of nature 本质上的
faith of nature 发自内心的信仰
9. history
a. 泛指“在历史上”,in history
b. 特指在某种历史上,in the history of NOS
10.乐器 play the piano(正确)
play erhu(正确)(二虎)
11.城市名,州名,国家名前不加the
in Beijing , in the city of Beijing
联合名词除外:the United States
the United kingdom
a United States boy.(用作形容词)
12.most的用法
a. 作为一个副词(adv.)修饰adj,adv,表示最高级
... are most plentiful ...
the most handsome teacher
b. adj. 大多数的
most animals 泛指
(不可以+the)+可数/不可数名词皆可
~~~~~~~~~~~~~决定谓语
c. pron.大多数,大部分
most of the animals 特指
d. a most beautiful girl
~~~~adv., very
e. most/mostly
均作副词时,most修饰形容词、副词
mostly修饰动词、介词 “大多数地,大部分地”
be composed mostly of
代词
一、代词的五种形式间的混用
he him himself self
 主格<->宾格<-反身代词 名词


所有格
his
(A)名词前面应该使用所有格
make she debut(演员的初次登台演出) 错
make one's debut
* 双宾语结构例外 won him prizes 对
(B)反身代词画线--->改宾格,几乎没有例外
要使用的反身代词必须与所在句子主语一致
he killed him. 他杀
he killed himself 自杀
(C)self ,是名词,“自我”,只用于哲学, 出现永远错
二、代词的单复数 him,her--> them, 注意一下
三、代词的性别
his/her himself/herself
四、代词的人与物
Although he is employed in hte scientific field, the metric system is
not us
ed in the U.S.
~~->it
五、关系代词
┏ which 指代物
┃ that 指代人或物 注意:who与which混用
┗ who 指代人
┏ who 主
┃ whom 宾
┗ whose 所有格
whom image --->只考过一回
~~~~->whose
*主要考who和whose的混用
who + noun. 错 whose + V 错
that 作关系代词在句子中充当成分,作副词时不做成分
介词
一、through/throughout
through: “穿过”、“通过”,强调动作
通过某种方式:through x-ray analyse
throughout: “贯穿”throughout his lifetime
“遍布”throughout the world
二、between/among
between the stars/trees 两两之间
  among the two realms 错
三、in/inside /into
inside,in 静态,强调状态
  into 动态,强调动作
  air inside the house
shoot...into the sky
in + 单数noun.(无冠词),表示某一领域,某一方面,某一行业
       in shape, in size
四、in/for/since
in + 1. 时刻点
     2. 一段时间 in recent years(完成时态) in two days(将来时态)
  for+ 1. prep. + 一段时间 for three years 可用于过去时,完成时
     2. conj. 并列连词,不能位于句首 “因为”,引导原因状语从句
      句子,for 句子
  since+1. prep., “自从”+时刻点,完成时
2. conj., “因为”Since +句子,句子,引导原因状语从句
3. adv.,  a. 与过去时共用 = ago
          ...was...many years since ...
b. 与完成时连用,表示过去某个时间某个事件到现在
Tom was elected president last term, but he has
since de
voted
little for his spare time to his responsibility.
五、of
遗漏 讲义NO.36/40
    多余 讲义NO.38
误用 讲义NO.34 即of 做prep. 与其他prep.的区别。
Of 表示一种所有关系,with 表示一种工具的使用
六、by
1. be done by 只要不是固定词组,就改by 讲义NO.41/42
2. by doing 只要不是固定词组 讲义NO.43
  3. 作品by 作者
    publication by Franklin
七、固定搭配
  together with = with 讲义NO.33
adv + prep = prep
谓语动词
一、主谓一致
1. 主谓的分隔原则
S, ---,VO
主谓之间可以用定从及省略形式的定从分隔 eg. P2-44
* 主谓一致与主语同位语无关,主语可以与插入语无关,二者是主语和表语的关系

2. 定语从句中的主谓一致 P2-45
...noun.+that/which+V
* that, which并不反映单复数,谓语动词的单复数由动作的发出者决定
one of 复n + that/which + 复V
the only one of 复n + that/which + 单V
3. 随前一致
together with, as well as, with, including, of,along with,
accompanie
d with
4. 随后一致
not 单n. but 复n. + 复V
not noly 单n. but also 复n. + 复V
5. 就近一致
单n. or 复n.
either 单n. or 复n.
neither 单n. nor 复n.
is he or we... 对
he or we are... 对
6. 可数名词and可数名词+复数动词
不可数名词and不可数名词+复数动词
例外:war and peace is/was
black and white is/was
bread and butter is/was
to love and to be loved is/was
a layer and teacher is/was (同一个人)
7. 百分比结构
most, rest, half, majority, some, 50 percent, one percent
__+of+n.+V 名词做主语,决定动词的单复数
8. 倒装句中的主谓一致
There be...是表、系、主的全部倒装
between , among 等介词位于句首,即引起倒装
Between ...+ be + noun.
Among...+ be + noun.
主 + 系 + 表
主系关系要一致,系表关系可以不一致
9. The+ adj.
a. 表示“一类人”用复数V
The rich are ridiculous
b. 表示某一抽象概念
The good is attractive
10. one of + 复数noun. + 单V
more than one 单数noun. + 单数V
many a + 单noun. + 单V
a + 单noun. or + two + 单V: a day or two
news 单数 measles 不可数
the series 用is/are从上下文得出
二、时态
考察介词与动词之间的矛盾:时间决定时态,介词决定时间
1. in + 过去某一时间,用一般现在时
2. befort+ 过去年份,用过去完成时
3. for/since:
for后跟时间段,可用现在完成和一般过去时
since 后跟时间点,只能跟现在完成时
I have been a teacher for 3 years.
I have been a teacher since 1996.
I was a teacher for 3 years.
4. 自然现象、真理描述用一般现在时
时态:现在完成时和一般过去时混用
      一般现在时和一般过去时混用
三、语态   】贾 被的混用
常考主动的词:prove/range/rank/make/date/weigh/measure
常考被动的词:be dedicated to do sth(题词)
doing sth.(致力于)
be credited to 归因于、归功于
for
with
be based on
be noted for
be compared for
be called
be known for 因…而著名
to 对…而言
as 做为…而著名
  一个证明,二个位于,三个需要,四个情感
  1. 证明:prove(vi) + to be + n./adj.
prove(vt) + sth./that +句子
      my advice proved to be wrong
2. 位于:locate永远考被动
      situate 主动:把...放置;确定位置
       ”欢?何挥?
  3. 需要:need, want, require,hatch,face=be faced with,feed on=be
fed o
n
情态动词+动原
      doing
   need  实义动词 to do ...一般
to be done
      n.词
    My watch need repairing. 主动表被动
            to be repaired.
require┏ to be done
want ┗ doing
4. 情感:please, annoy, surprise, move
I am pleased. 主语高兴
     The news is pleasing. 令人高兴
   使...高兴(心烦、惊讶、感动)
     Franklin is so moved.
The story is so moving.
非谓语动词
一、现分与过分的区别
     现分      过分      考与不考备注
    ___________________________________________________
     主动      被动      90%(后置定语,状)
     进行      完成      10%(前置定语)
    动作      状态      不考
a retired general
a retiring general 错
a fallen fruit 在地下
a falling fruit    正在掉
二、现在分词与过去分词的用法
  1. 用于名词后作后置定语,等同于定语从句,只考虑主被动
    Indians who lived in
~~~~~~~~~~~~=living
   》执 =从句
2. 用于句首,句末作状语,只考虑主被动
   非?即彼 ┏included in/by
         ┗including 分,prep
         ┏involved in
         ┗involving
3. 常考的接doing的词
    enjoy , finish, celebrate, suggest, advocate, forgive, mind,
avoid,
escape, tolerate, delay, quit spend ... (in) doing
be capable of doing sth. play a role in doing sth.
have difficulty/trouble/a problem/a hard time (in) doing
三、动词不定式的省略用法
  1. ┏help to do = help do 可省可不省
    ┗help sb to do = help sb do
  2. 使役动词必省to
let sb do make sb do; have sb do bid sb do(吩咐)
have sth done
3. 感观动词必须省to
    see, hear, notice, feel, watch,taste,know
┏see sb do 看见整个过程
   ┗see sb doing  看见动作正在进行
    改被动后to 要加回来
  ┏be seen to do
   ┗be seen doing
四、动词不定式的固定用法
  1. 第一“人”
the first (sb) to do
the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic ocean
2. 表“迫使/允许”的动词
    allow sb to do allow sth
permit sb to do permit sth
enable sb to do enable sth
cause sb to do cause sth
force sb to do force sth
3. 表“倾向”的adj./V
tend to do
attemp to do
be (more) likely to do
that + 句子
    be inclined to do
be apt to do
be liable to do
4. 表“目的”的名词,不定式作表语
    The function + of sth. + is to do sth.
function, goal, purpose, aim, objective, reason, intention
5.与接不定式的V或adj. 同词根的名词也接不定式
    be able to do -> ability to do
enable sb to do
decide to do -> decision to do
be ambitious to do -> ambition to do
try to do -> make great efforts to do
attempt(v.) to do -> attempt(n.) to do
五、动词不定式的其它形式
  1. 动词不定式的将来式
    主动:be to do
被动:be to be done
表示预计要发生或按计划要发生的事情
    China is to be one of the most important countries in the world.
被动式与过去分词的区别
the surfaces to be glued
the surfaces glued
2. 动词不定式的完成式
    主动  to have done
被动  to have been done
  表示不定式的动作发生在谓语之前
    I'm glad to have seen your son yesterday.
3. 某些adj. 后主动表被动 easy/hard/difficult/simple
    This plan is difficult to come out.
Basic is relatively simple to learn.
形容词(比较级和最高级)
一、比较级和最高级形式上的重复
eg: most easiest 错
more greater 错
lesser... than 错
lesser: adj 次要的 是原级
二、比较级和最高级的混用
more与among/of all 等表示全体概念的词混用
三、原级和比较级的混用
原级和比较级搭配
四、adj.永远不可以修饰adj.
a tiny longer 错
a minute bigger 错
常考的修饰比较级的词:a little, a bit, slightly, far, much, a lot,
still

*much总结
be much abundant in 错
be so much close to 错
much 只能修饰比较级和最高级,不能修饰原级,但还可修饰不可数名词
和过去分词
much money be much attracted by
*very总结:只修饰原级,不修饰最高,比较级
五、无than的比较结构
most often, junior to, senior to, superior to, inferior to
频度副词没有最高级和比较级
六、绝对形容词(极限)形容词,没有最高级和比较级
vertical, perfect, empty, unique, correct, absolute
例外:the most perfect. Most意为“极其”
七、倍数表达法
1. 倍数+ as + adj. 原级 + as
He is 3 times as old as I am.
2. 倍数 that/those of
His weight is three times that of mine.
~~~~~~~=as many as
*adj.不一样时必须都写出来,如深度与高度的比较
* 注意:that和those的单复数区别
3.倍数+noun. of
This house is three times the size of that one.
4. 倍数+more than more than修饰数量词时等于over
He is twice older than I.
Size/value通常是被比较的名词
八、定冠词the 与比较级的关系
比较级前可以加the,但通常有对照,(比较通常泛指,一般不加the)
The taller boy is much more attractive than the shorter one.
* the + 比较级 + of + the two +复数名词
Jones is the fatter of the two girlfriends of Bill's.
九、定冠词the 与最高级的关系
1. Flies lives longest in coldest weather. 对
~~~~~~adv.
adv.最高级前通常无the
2. adj 最高级做前置定语必须加the
3. adj 最高级用后置定语,不加the
a design most similar to that one
electrons most close to the nuclear.
4. 形容词最高级作表语,the 可加可不加
This is where the river is deepest.
The consumers consider the best fruit to be that which is the most
attr
active.
5. earliest的用法
a. 名词:早期
From the earliest of Tang Dynasty
b. adj.原级:很早的
from earliest times 从很早以前开始到现在,从远古时代
from earliest ages
c. adj. 最高级
the earliest language(s)
6. 所有格可代替the 修饰最高级 eg.: NO.81
7. most/mostly------>mostly修饰动词介词
most 修饰adj., adv.
most around the rocky coast
~~~->mostly
the mostly intense of...
~~~~~->most
8. ...or more 结构
thirty five years of age or more 对
an inch or be more 错
an inch or more than 错
an inch or more 对
词序颠倒
一、单个的分词修饰名词时,可前置也可后置,通常后置
   the region studied
the studied region
二、一个或两个介词的短语修饰名词时,通常后置
三、常考的最长的词序
the + 最高级+adv+(分词+adj)+noun.+noun.
~~~~~~~~~这两个前后不确定
the oldest continuously occupied permanent settlement
the highly respected zoologist
the most widely praised writer
两个词的位置不固定,分词和形容词可以调换位置,取决于二者与名词的亲近程度
the longest continuous marked footpath
the longest continuously marked footpath
四、动词短语为完成时或被动式,修饰动词短语的adv夹在中间
   have already done
be well done
have not yet reach
be made originally from
be come chiefly from
如果动词短语中有个介词,副词应当放在介词前
五、以分词为中心的合成形容词,应将分词置于词尾
   plant-eating animals
同样的还有:warm-blooded animals/smooth-skinned/bridge-built
material/cu
p-shaped sculpture
*选项中的合成形容词便是答案
六、more still abundant 错
  more修饰adj,adv时 应紧接在adj/adv的前面
    more abundant
only, more than, less than修饰数量名词时,应紧接在数量名词前
    The bridge is only three feet long.
七、主系表结构
  当谓语动词为系动词时,便是主系表结构
  主+系+表 对
   主+表+系     错
   表+系+主     对(倒装句中)
   to stay warm...
rest motionless
remain committed to
became associated with
常考的系动词有: 
   rest, stay, remain, maintain, lie, exist, be, become, turn, get
以及感观动词:look, appear, seem, feel, sound, taste
* appear, seem 可接不定式:appear to do; seem to do
八、副词的位置灵活,不固定
your score depend largely on your hard work.
当动词短语为完成时或被动时,修饰动词短语的副词放在助动词之后,实义动词之前。
多个助动词时放在第一个之后。
I have already finished my work.
He has not yet reach the stage.
动词短语中有介词时,最好放在介词之前
be made originally of
has come directly from
九、多种修饰语的次序
    限定词|+数词|    +adj. | +noun.
          | |描|大| 拢?。?。?? 
包括:指示代词|序数词|述|小|旧|颜|国|料|
     人称代词|基数词|型|形| 啵?。? |结|
   〔欢ù?? |形|状|少|色|籍|构|
    」诖? | |容| ぃ?。?。? |内|
     所有格 | |词| 蹋?。?。? |容|
The man has the first two beautiful long old red French sports
cars.
平行结构
有五到六道题 ..., ..., and ...
由平行连接词连接两个或两个以上的对等的对象构成
一、平衡连接词
1. 单一式:and, or, but
2. 短语式:as well as, rather than, other than, instead of,would
rather t
han
weather or 可引导从句
3. 相关式:both...and, not only ...but also
from...to, either...or
between...and, from...until
the same as, such as, as ...as
neither... nor, not...but, neither...or
二、平行的形式
X and Y
X, Y and Z(不常考)
X, Y, and Z (常考)
三、平行的性质
1. 单复数的平行(不是绝对要平行)
比如:cells, organs, and tissues
a heart, veins, and arteries
2. 词性的平行
绝对,但是无adj的名词例外
local, state, and national government 对
city and regional planning 对
seasonally, or yearly 错
~~~~~~~~~~adv. ~~~~~~adj.
3. 时态的平行
可以不平行,但是必须有相应的不同时间
4. 结构形式的平行
doing, to do, adj+n, 动+宾 结构要平行
5. 语态的平行
Dallas, Texas, has become a national hub of bank,
~~~~banking
fashion, manufacturing and transportation.
6. 排列位置的平行
主 not only 谓 but also 谓 对
Not only 主谓(倒装),but also 谓 错
四、not only...but also的省略
1. ...not only...but (also)...
2. Not only 主谓(倒)but 主谓
3. Not only 主谓(倒),(;)主+also+谓
4. Not only... but...as well.(as well位于句末)
从句
名词性从句 主,宾
表,同位语
修饰性从句 定语从句
状语从句
从句=从句引导词+句子
从句引导词:标明从句的位置
连接代词+不完整句
连接副词+完整句(不作成分)
who + noun. 错
...noun.+which+SVO 错
which+noun. 错(但which group)--->在托考中不用
prep+which+Vt+O 错
noun.+what 错
prep what +SVO 错
when + V 错
where + V 错
that用法:
定语从句:连接代词,在从句中作为成分,+不完整句
主,宾,同位,从句
连接adv,不作成分,+完整句
that的省略用法
that:1,定从 that+be 可省
2,定从 在从句中作宾语可省
3,宾从 某些Vt后可省略 that
*当先行词中有:adj最高级,序数词,only,不定代词时,只能用that
weather to do
句子( 主,宾,表,同位语)
  句子,wether +句子        。ú豢梢砸?甲从 从句)
  句子,whether+句子+or not 对
词性混用
一、作表语:形容词和副词的混用
1. be + adv. -> be + adj.
eg: be rarely -> be rare
2. be + noun. + prep -> be + adj. +prep
eg: be value for -> be valuable for
be fame for -> be famous for
3. be origin based on 错 表语唯一
be forcibly 错
be completely enclosed 对
be originally a poem 对
be typically concerned with 对
be generally with 对
┏数+noun.
be + noun./adj./分词 +┃adj.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ┗分词短语
┗>adv.
二、作宾语时,名词和动名词的混用
*原则:名词比动名词优先
    from their kinding 错
food supplying       错
  区别:名词作宾语,后面不可接名词
   《??首鞅鲇铮?竺婵山用??
   《??是翱杉?he:the making of any work of art
动名词前加the 后变化为一个纯粹的名词,不可再加名词了
三、状语从句引导词与近义介词/adv.的混用
1. when, while/during, in
* when, while+ noun. 永远错
during + 句子 永远错
2. although/despite
despite + 句子 永远错
despite the fact that 对
3. even though/even
前者为连词,后者为副词
even + 句子 永远错
四、平衡连接词与近义副词的混用
1. and/also
前连后副
V also V 对
noun. also noun. 错
2. or / else
前连后副
by scant else by color 错
3. but/instead
前连后副
五、表示人的名词与表示物的同根名词的混用
architect -> architectural
inventor -> invention
sculptor -> sculpture
poet -> poem, poetry
novelist -> novel
educator -> education
settler -> settlement
composer -> composition
engineer -> engineering
六、作定语,名词和形容词的混用
原则:表示同一概念的形容词比名词优先
eg: certain 比certainty优先
当意义不同时,就无所谓优先
如: color monitor 彩显
     colorful monitor 外观彩色的显示器
     colorful effect 多彩的效果
     color effect 彩色效果
  例外:
   1. 没有表示同一概念的形容词时,只能用名词修饰
     the city or regional planning
Beijing city commercial bank
the state government
2. noun. + noun. 为特定含义时,不改为adj.
safty glass 防弹玻璃
     exhibition flights 飞行表演
     color monitor 彩显
   3. noun.修饰noun.,表示后一个名词的本质属性,品质,种类时,不改adj.
***noun. + noun. 最后选
     beauty salon      对
intelligence test 对
  。?oun.+noun.在一起   a. 最后选
               b. 有无同概念形容词
               c. 看句意
七、作修饰语,形容词和副词的混用
  1. 副词永远不能修饰名词
    up arms -> upper arms
注意陷阱:adv. + 同位语
  * special 永远改 especially
The common cold, (which is) normally a minor illness, can
threaten
the health of patient.
2. adj. + adj. + noun.
依次修饰关系
an old red car
a frequent pretty girl(??)
3. adv. + 数 + noun. 数 + adj. + noun. 对
数 + adv. + noun. adj. + 数 + noun. 错
adv. + 数 + adj. + noun. 对
4. ┏ adj.
┃ V
adj. + ┃ prep.
~~~~ ┃ adv.
┗>adv. ┃ 分词短语
┗ 数词
句子成分的残缺与重复
一、 主语重复:
a) n.+pron.+v+o
b) 插入语的句子中,主语和谓语距离过于遥远
c) 定语从句中,which引导了完整句。
二、 主语缺失:
a) 状语从句引导词+V+O
until (it)has surprised by

b) prep+V+O
c) 新题第三册P9-39
三、 谓语重复:
a) 两个动词在一起
b) 多个逗号 新题第三册P24-20
四、 谓语缺失:
a) 句子中无动词
b) 句子中动词为非谓语形式
五、 宾语缺失:
六、 主句缺失:
七、 主句多余:
 

 


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