GR RC 总结（02.12.09-15）

2002-12-16 13:39:10
　

【RC】
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1.讲木星卫星的那篇（见G域总结）
2.加州农业和中国移民在其中起的作用的那篇（见G域总结）
3. 阅读：（45行）
温室效应和现在实际测得的地球温度之间的差异性问题。
（版本一）第一段首先提出一种温室效应作用，如果按此标准计算，那么地球表面的温度要比现在实际测得的高得多。为了解释这种现象，一种现在的温室理论模型（简称温室效应模型）认为，温室效应是存在的，但是由于工业化革命的工程中排放了大量的硫，硫具有制冷作用，所以导致了现在温度差异这个现状。
第二段讲某牛人用这个理论来解释1895年工业化革命时北半球的气温遇到了想不通的事实，在此期间，工业化革命使得北半球产生比南半球多得多的硫，为什么那时侯北半球相反比南半球还热呢？他想不通，于是他认为，现在所谓的温室模型是狗屁！
第三段讲另外一个更牛的牛人stanter 对上面这个牛人想不通的问题进行了解释，他认为，南半球有很多海洋，具有调节气候的作用（此处有题），所以南半球温度不上升是情理之中的事情，然后balabala 一通，也没有对北半球温度差异作出合理解释，就急忙表态：温室效应模型是对的。完了。
考题1. Stanter认为以下哪一个是正确的？选：南半球海洋具有调节气温作用。
考题2. 文章的结构？选：先提出一个现象后提出模型，然后利用这模型作不同的解释来论证模型作用（有点表达不当）
考题3. 文章中哪一项提出了与温室效应相矛盾的地方，但又没有作出合理解释？我选北半球有硫但气温还在升高。
（版本二）A article about Greenhouse Effect
This artical may related to \\"global warming/greenhouse effect\\" for you reference:)
Primary Review (Christopher Haas)
The article discussed some of the different aspects of global warming that most scientists studying the phenomenon tend to agree upon. It also explored the different tools used by scientists to research global warming and the different information obtained. The article discussed numerous findings, generally agreed upon by scientists, supporting the theory of an “enhanced greenhouse effect”. It is customarily agreed that the average global air temperature has risen 0.3 to 0.6 degrees Celsius over the past century. The rise in global temperature is supported by indicators such as an increased rate of the melting of alpine glaciers and a rise in sea level near the magnitude of 10 to 25 cm in the past one hundred years. Previous articles indicated the average global temperatures have been highest in the past decade, and the present article as well stated the average global temperature in 1995 was to be as high or higher than any previous years since the beginning of accurate temperature recordings in 1860. The experts also agree that the nighttime temperatures have increased more than daytime temperatures, and unless greenhouse gas emission is reduced by a large quantity the average global temperature will increase 1 to 3.5 degrees Celsius during the next century due to the expected doubling in CO2 levels between 2050 and 2100. Overall scientists believe that an increase in global temperature within the next century will cause more frequent and intense heat waves, widescale ecological disruptions, a decline of agricultural production in the tropics and subtropics, and continued increases in the rate of sea level rise. Greenhouse gases, especially CO2, have increased in concentration in the atmosphere significantly since preindustrial times. CO2 has risen an estimated 30% and methane 145%. Previous articles estimated similar levels. It is also broadly agreed that a loss of ozone and an increase in aerosols would have a cooling effect on the earth. The effect, however, would be canceled out by the expected doubling of the CO2 level predicted for the future. The short life span of aerosols, generally two weeks, as compared to the long life span of greenhouse gases like CO2 and water, decreases their combative effect on global warming.
Computer modeling of global climate change was also discussed in the article. Atmospheric and ocean models are used to produce climate features of the past and in turn predict future climate changes. The computer models show the amount of increase in temperature predicted a few years ago is slightly higher than current predictions due to the fact that previous models did not contain equations describing the effect of aerosols on global temperatures. Aerosols have a cooling effect due to their ability to reflect incoming sunlight. Computer models have indicated that warming in general will be greater over land and will be the greatest in high northern latitudes in the winter. The article was in agreement with the previous articles in the assumption that the Antarctic Ocean and the northern North Atlantic may actually experience a cooling effect due to changes in ocean currents caused by changes in global temperatures. The computer models also predict that nighttime temperatures will increase more than daytime temperatures during the warm season and more of the precipitation will come in heavy showers or thunderstorms instead of softer longer lasting rainfalls. It is predicted that eventually, after many decades, daytime warming will equal nighttime warming. Some of the drawbacks of computer modeling were discussed, such as the uncertainty of the effects greenhouse gases have on cloud cover in turn effecting whether or not the clouds reflect sunlight or trap heat based on elevation in the atmosphere.
The article was a good scientific overview of the aspects of global warming that, in general, are concluded upon by most scientists in the field of global warming. The article tends to lean toward the idea that the “enhanced greenhouse effect” is not a naturally occurring phenomenon, rather it is rooted in human actions. According to the article, however, more research must be done to adequately prove to the public that an “enhanced global warming” affect is actually taking place before action will be taken to combat the problem.
Secondary Review (Elizabeth Jones)
According to the authors, despite the seeming controversy surrounding the reality of global warming, most researchers can come to a consensus regarding certain key points. First, most researchers agree that the Earth’s climate is already experiencing the effects of global warming due to human activity. As evidence, the authors site the accelerated melting of alpine glaciers, the rise in sea level of 10-25 cm, coral bleaching caused by unusually high sea-surface temperatures, and the drastic increase since pre-industrial times of greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have risen 30%, 145%, and 15% respectively. They then state that without drastic steps, the average global temperature will increase 1-3.5? C during the next century. These higher temperatures will cause more intense and more frequent heat waves, ecological disruptions, a decline in agricultural production in the tropics and sub-tropics, and the continued acceleration of the rising of the sea level. Another area in which experts agree is that stratospheric ozone depletion and aerosols act to cool the Earth. Unlike greenhouse gases, however, the depletion of the ozone does not cause a uniform global cooling, it instead affects the climate pattern on a subcontinental level. Although aerosols act to cool the earth, they have a very short life span so they do not build up in the environment as much as greenhouse gasses; therefore the cooling effect that does occur cannot offset the warming from greenhouse gases.
The greenhouse effect is a permanent part of the earth’s climate, so scientists that study greenhouse warming actually study the effects of the enhanced greenhouse effect that we see today. Scientists use 3 dimensional numerical models to calculate global temperatures and precipitation. These models were developed using the models that meteorologists use for weather forecasting. Over the past few years, scientists have begun to take into consideration the cooling effects of the ocean currents. These new models, when compared to actual changes in climate in recent history, prove to be fairly accurate. These models, however, still have some inaccuracies. For instance, if the greenhouse effect causes an increase in lower clouds, these clouds will reflect sunlight back into space and, in this manner, actually act to cool the earth. If, however, it results in an increase in higher clouds, these clouds will act the same way greenhouse gases act, and could actually increase the temperature more than is expected. These inaccuracies are what make the science of global warming so uncertain.
I found the article, while biased in support of the current theories on global warming, to be well written and well thought out. The authors presented both sides of the issue, and pointed out some of the flaws in research done on global warming. The article continuously pointed out the fact that something must be done to curb the increase of greenhouse gases, so a good point to go from here might be to look into solutions for global warming and the pros and cons of these solutions.
4.火星上的水流；（见G域总结）
5.工会在消除工资歧视方面的作用；（见G域总结）

6.银行在美国经济（某阶段）所起的作用；（见G域总结）

7.某人关于Africa American 人权运动的Study; （见G域总结）
8.（85行）二战期间妇女问题
首先提出许多历史雪茄对二站期间妇女做了大量工作为什么没有对传统的对妇女认识的观点产生影响感到疑惑，然后就是一个八婆作家对这方面作了一些研究，似乎能解释妇女以家为重的传统观点为什么没有受到冲击，她研究的范畴就是定位在工作于两家非常大型杂志社的妇女的行为理念。
第二段讲工作在A和B杂志社的妇女的共同点，什么比这些妇女比二站前更积极，什么两个杂志社都是按照阶级来划分，来吸引妇女balabala….
第三段讲两杂志社工作妇女的不同点，balabala一大通无关紧要的话，就收尾了。文章结构题， infer 题.......
有一篇不记得了（不难理解，40行），最后一篇放弃了。
// 以上截止12月10日，晚9:05G域verbal机委luojie77总结
( http://forum.g-region.com/或从www.g-region.com的forum进入)
9.沙丘会发声。其中一个题目是，关于沙丘发声一下哪种说法是正确的？
选项有沙丘移动越快，呻吟越大。另外一个是当沙丘移动的速度到达一定值时开始呻吟。我选的是前者。
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10. 全部打折和部分打折商店对于big basket and small basket
customer的影响。
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11. About the woman labor force after 1940. (50 lines or so)
Woman labor traditional was thought as affected by after war. However, it is not correct.
The author provides some evidences…
Eventually, the labor force was affect by some other long-term effects
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12. About the black man economic status.
黑人收入差距问题：老JJ。2段，40行，黑人经济两个相反的现象
从80年代起，黑人经济出现了两个相反的现象：(1)越来越多的黑人进入精英行业，而
这些行业以前一直是被白人垄断的；用某理论来解释(2)发现，次理论解释不通。(这到底
是为什么呢？百思不得其解！)比如，A派人认为黑人和白人收入差距之所以增加，是因为黑人没有进入高收入行业。整个就没说啥东东。
问：70到80年代黑人兄弟有什么变化：教育水平提高，/其他都错。
问：文章主要说了什么：描述了一现象，关于黑人兄弟的收入
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13. About the 椭圆形星云的形状形成的研究
天文学家对两种星云的差异有兴趣，一种是disk星云, 占80%, 宁一种是椭圆形星云，占20%.但对椭圆形星云的shape形成有不同的解释
第二段将了两种解释，一种是。。另一种是。。。
然而，由计算机仿真得出第三种解释，这种解释怎样。。。（没有challenge前二种）后又合月亮与地球的潮汐作了一个类比，等等。.
主体题：天文学家对椭圆形星云的形状形成更感兴趣。

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14. 有的鸟是雄鸟觅食，雌鸟孵蛋。是什么决定谁觅食，谁住家？一雪茄认为是气候影响，另一雪茄则认为天敌是决定因素。
7.男女工资问题。很奇怪工会没怎么搭理这个问题。但实际上工会已经做了1234（给了4点内容，有点忘了）
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15.战后妇女与媒体的问题。一雪茄用社会学观点来解释：两个杂志社一个POST代表中产阶级一个代表广大劳动人民。两个杂志社都认为要鼓励妇女积极投入社会参加以前男人从事的工作。。。但是不同的是代表劳动人民的杂志鼓吹历来都是女性从事的工作，而POST则推广工作中包括工程师等等。
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16. 关于语言之间的关系的
说的是一些语言学者(大受生物学者的启发)决定也给不同
的语系确定它们的Genetic distinction. 但是后来这些学者们发现这么来做可能是不
太科学的, 因为一个地区不同部落的语言经常相互影响, 比如说经常借用一些词语, 你
借我我借你的, 到了后来, 搞得学者们无法trace这些词的origin, 另外由于外来殖民
侵略的影响, 这些语言不可避免的也受到English and Spanish的一定影响. 接着作者
举例说明N, A, H这几个语种就不太合适上面的研究方法. 然后作者话锋一转, N部落
(AX语系)的人有一点顽固不化(就像中国的清政府：问：AX有什么特点：受其他语言影响很少，别选他很少影响其他语言。切记。)不懂得兼收并取, 所以这种研究办法
对它还是有点作用, 而对于S,X部落(分别属于原来N,A,H语种中的两个)就不太适用了.
(该篇共40行左右, 题目比较简单。
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17.二次大战中媒体对妇女们进行宣传的作用。
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18.企业选址。一种老的理论认为相同行业的企业在一起不好，会怎么怎么封闭技术，产生不良影响。然而，后来有人提出新的理论，认为企业在一起好，能产生种种好处。然后，文章举了例子来说明什么情况下，对不同规模的企业，有着不同的影响。
BL：科学家研究出新的抵抗虫害的农作物，然而（采用这种作物很贵，超过了节省下来的农药费用），所以农民不愿用。但是文章又说，（由于最近人们开始喜欢食用没洒过农药的作物，所以相信新品种的抗虫害作物会被越来越多的农民采用）。
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19.说广告要用olfactory的，说什么olfactory可以影响人的感情。但有人说人对问到的记忆很菜，而且受到周围环境的影响，比如人在黄色的水里辨别出柠檬味的可能性比在红的里大（后面有题，问人在哪个环境里不太可能真确辨认出某个东西的问到）然后就忘了。。好象说和视觉和商标比起来难认，没有效。
有一题问文章结构的。
20.
说什么virus的，一篇说妇女的二站时期的影响，一篇说numeric model计算东西的时候会出错，应为用的data就有错误（old jj）
陶瓷那篇
21电影明星那篇
22、第一段：从传统的经济学观点可以看出，向同行业的企业应当有一定的距离，否则会引起竞相减价等问题。但事实是这样吗？也不一定。实际上企业在一起起码有两点好处：（1）、好的方法技术传播的快。（2）、增大需求。
第二段：某雪茄研究了德克萨斯州的旅馆行业。并提出了两个问题：（1）、为什么这样会带来好处。（2）哪些人是好处的受益者
第三段：经过研究，发现并不是所有的旅馆都得到好处，在大旅馆旁边的小旅馆得到了最大的好处。
23
在某地的地热以前预计是由于不同rock之间的磨擦造成的，但某年A学者发现钻探当地的断层后没有出现预计磨擦会产生的地热状况，一些人推测以前的现象来自于一些rock和clay之间的摩擦。但B学家的研究表明clay得有无不影响研究结果，因此人们又推测地热是断层中的水与rock作用的结果。
24.50行
district AA 有一个管委会推行一套 B 制度管理Taxi drivers。该 district taxi service 极差，因为这帮的哥收入低。普遍认为的哥收入低是B 制度造成的，因为B 制度削减的哥收入。但这种说法不准，别的district未推行B 制度，的哥收入更低，但服务比district AA好多了。那是什么原因呢？一帮人烟酒后发现district AA的的哥都是leasing车，的哥向车主租车，不管收入好坏都要向车主交订好的租金（北京不也是这样），影响了的哥们的积极性。因此leasing 是罪魁祸首。
25. 90行
A是某经济学家提出的cost efficient的生产理论, 该理论有3个观点：1，职员工资与生产力挂钩，2，记不住了， 3，培训技术专家去判断生产力高低，而以前是由技术工人判断的，技术专家的引进使老板对生产有全面的控制能力。
但该理论推出后很少有人用，why? 1, 复杂而难以实施， 2，工会认为其intrusive and degrading, 3, -----, and 4, -----.
/ 以上截止12月12日，晚9:05G域verbal机委luojie77总结
( http://forum.g-region.com/或从www.g-region.com的forum进入)
1.the contributions of chinese immigrant to California.
2.about the US GDP in 1997.
new jj
1.the old geology theory that there is a definite boundary between the solid mantle and the liquid core in earth is been challenged. new reserch reveals that there exists a halfmelt belt between them.
2, two theorys about women''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s statue in 18th century and 19th century. one is based on a personal experience failing to link it to the social context. the other author L.not only.....but also...., redirect the ....
/ 以上截止12月13日，晚9:05G域verbal机委luojie77总结
1.说的是scent与advertisement的关系－.35行
2.好像是印的安水源的问题，即使不是也类似。我的文中出现的是18xx年hispanic合墨西哥人用水exclusive的问题－50行
3. 讲南加州与中国移民－80行四题
CALIFORNIA的中国移民，一段讲CALIFORNIA什么时候开始、为什么HIRE中国人，二、三
段讲一法案对此ACTION的影响。有问二、三段的关系的；为什么HIRE中国人；中国人对
CALIFORNIA的agriculture的功劳，关于RECLAIM等。
我记得当中有一段说“从1860年起，随着加州农业的发展，人力资源严重短缺，因此farmer开始雇用immigrant，主要是中国移民。”
有一题文，在加州1860年前，关于加州农业的人力情况那个是正确的。
4. 火星水channel
[版本一]
火星上CHANNEL的形成是否是水的EROSION的结果，第一段讲了几个支持EROSION的
EVIDENCE，第二段讲了上述EVIDENCE可能出现的几个疑问之处。有问二段的作用的。
[版本二]
“outflow” of the Mar
M上的水道痕迹说明M上曾有大量的水，中间有个model 加以说明。最后是说由于不能得
知M过去的天气是怎样，所以结论是或者这个model是错的，或者是M上根本就不曾有大
量的水
5.Contributions and influence of Chinese immigrants in California during after 1870. Basically same as in old JJ.
Para 1. Pre 1860, basically no chinese immigrants. 1870 therafter, large numbers of chinese immigrants. Their significant work included a levee along a stupid river. consequently enabling a large area of the river valley thrived as agricultural land.
Para 2. Enacting Chinese Exclusion Act in another year basically reduced Chinese immigration to none in most part of USA, so most people claimed. Author believes in a damned loacality, it was not so.
Para. Give example of the legacy and influence of the damned locality''''''''s Chinese: including introduction of contract labor, land tenancy.
Question 1. Which of the following is analogous to contract labor?
Choice: Secretary hired out by Temp agency (on contract)(butI believe the words ''''''''on contract''''''''were not specifically written)
Question2. What is the relationship of para 2 to 3?
Choice. in Para 2 author made a claim, and in para 3 he substiate with evidence
Qestion 3. What is the greatest caccomplishments of Chinese immigrants?
Tricky choices
Choice 1. The building of the levee
Choice 2. the introduction of contract labor system/land tenancy into California.
what canbe infered about the chinese immigrants before 1860?
Choice: Aren''''''''t many of them in California yet.
Methods to evaluate literacy in 1800 New England.
Para 1. In 1974, a certain Mr. L made major contribution tot study of 1800 literacy in New England by publishing a monologue, \\"Literacy in 1800 NEW ENLAND\\".
Para 2 Method used, examining whether wills were SIGNED or marked. Findings; In a a series of years, numbers given to show that male''''''''s lieteracy were higher than that of females.
Para 3. Author said not so fast. Cited another guy S who looked at literacy rate using real estate DEEDS. Reason as better choice given, people most likely physically betetr fit to sign DEED than will. Study was done in Windsor. Findings: more males than female were literate. Both male and female rates were higher than that reported by L. and Felame rate were alot higher than that of L''''''''s. Cited 3 more studies done by other researchers in areas other than Windsor. Similar findings except female literacy rate was not as highas those in Windsor.
Question 1. What is infered about the people surveyed in L''''''''s study to account for the lower rate?
Choice: Most likely on dead beds.
Question 2. What is similar among the deed''''''''s finding?
Cannot remember the other questions
Assay on Earth''''''''s mantle.
The J about an inland lake salmon, Konekee?. Konekee feeds during the day near suface water.
Question: Which of the following, if true, would predicts that the plan (introduction of a krill shrimp ) would not work?
Choice: Krill feeds at night in bottom water.
Apex Corp owns 15 casinos, lagest in a state. Competitor B Corp wins the bid to buy Casino C Corp. Now B has to sell 5 casino it own to comply with a state law forbidng each corp owns more than 5 per county. Thus, B will own the most number of casino in the state.
二次大战媒体报导与妇女那篇
有个L学者用will研究,女性的资料少,后来的人用deed研究,女性的资料比较多
星系为什么有的是DISK型的，有的是椭圆型的
2. 全球变暖和温室效应有没有关系
3. 美国印地安人语言和人的迁移
// 以上截止12月14日, 晚9:05由G域verbal机委luojie77总结
( http://forum.g-region.com/或从www.g-region.com的forum进入)
关于PUTO RICCO的政治发展,从殖民时期到立宪,有军人统治,有美国总统派的人统治,还有美总统派的人和本地的人一起统治,最后到1930左右,变成了POUTO RICOO人自己统治,还有了宪法.有两派人对这个问题进行研究,一派是GRADUALIST,渐进主义者,另外是殖民主义者.渐进着认为这种现象是一个自然发展的过程,而且人为POUTO RICOO 已经脱离殖民统治了.但是殖民主义着认为,这个过程只不过是殖民统治的方式不同了.因为PR现在还依靠美国,在经济上和政治上.然而,作者人为他们两个通通都不对....

问题,有主题题型.

2.关于美国工会和男女平等问题.工会显然在男女同工同酬方面起到了很大的作用.列举了三个方面的情况.
Start with an introduction saying companies likes to use scent in their advertisements. For instance scented \\"prints\\" in print media for products such as Perfume, and another product that I forgot. However, these marketing guys probably does not realize, or aware, or care to find our ( I forgot which one) the physiological responses that these scents induce in people.

Then it went on to describe how scent simulates your olfactory neurons and go straight to (screw up, ETS mostly) your brain. However, it then argues that doing such study on consumers are not easy because people have a limited range of responsiveness to scent, at about 50. That is, we can tell about 50 different scents. IN CONTRAST, study using VISUAL CUE ar easier to conduct ( an inference question here).

Question :
What can be infered about ability to detect visual cue
// 以上截止12月15日, 晚9:05由G域verbal机委luojie77总结
( http://forum.g-region.com/或从www.g-region.com的forum进入)

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