托福语法笔记之改错－－名词

来源: BBS 水木清华站
　

名词
一、重要的名词
(A)重要的可数名词
discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance,
population, effort, effect, animal, plant, mammal,
insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature,
picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device,
structure, human , human being, system, fashion, kind,
resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose,
style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type
(B)常见的不可数名词
furniture, luggage, clothing, equiment, poetry, jewelry,
machinery, weaponry, scenery, information, knowledge,
homework, evidence, folige, advertising, health
1. 液体不可数
2. 自然现象不可数：rain, sunlight,
but a heavy rain 可以用
3. 颗粒状不可数
4. 看不见摸不着的不可数
证据不可数，intelligence 不可数， advice 建议皆不可数
5. 学科不可数
mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, politics,
mechanics, genetics, geology, geography, chemistry,
philosophy, biology, histroy
6. 疾病不可数: meales, munps(腮腺炎) , diabetes(糖尿病)
7. 总称不可数
(C)常见的不规则名词
*tooth, foot 一定错
man-men, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese,
basis-bases, analysis-analyses, crisis-crises, axis-axes,
hypothesis-hypotheses, alga-algae, lava-lavar,
fungus-fungi, stimulus-stimuli, datum-data, medium-media,
bacterium-bacteria, spectrum-spectra, mouse-mice,
child-children, phonemenon-phenomena
(D)常见的单复数同形的名词
aircraft, spcecraft 等 craft结尾的词
species, series, means(mean不加s不是名词)
sheep, deer, trout, carp, salmon, fish->fishes,fish
鱼类一般单复同形
(E)单一复数意义有差异的名词
sky-skies(气候) water-waters(水系，永远不错)
good-goods(货物) part-parts(才能)
custom=customs(风俗) spectacle(风景)-spectacles(眼睛)
letter-letters(文字) arm-arms(武器)
force-forces (武装力量)
？？：这些词加s后是另一个名词单数还是作为复数
(F)即可数又不可数的名词
不可数可数
paper 纸文件
rock 碎岩块岩
collection 各种收藏品同一种收藏品
sugar 砂糖方糖
area 面积地区
land 面积区域
work 作品；工作著作；工厂，工程，工事
room 空间房间
time 时间倍数，时代
* art, newspaper, food, beverage
art 泛指艺术不可数
一种艺术 an art
各种各样的艺术 arts
eighteen pieces of newspapers 十八张报纸
eighteen newspapers 十八种报纸
此类：强调种类就属于可数
二、名词作定语的单复数问题
(A)名词作主语，即noun.修饰noun.,前面的名词必须是单数
color effects, employment agenenices, sentence form, tree trunks
例外：a sales girl, a sales tax
a greetings card, a sports car
a savings bank, a communications satellite
a systems engineering
(B)man或woman修饰noun.时，其单复数应该同时变
a woman boxer->women boxers
(C)表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科书、实验室...时，只能用
学科名本身修饰
a mathematical professor 错
a biological textbook 错
the chemical lab 错
the highest scientific award 错
a mathematical model 对
三、重要的限定词
(A) many + 复数
much + 不可数n
看见many 去找复数名词
as many as
50 percent of the money
~~~~~~不可数 ~~~~~不可数
many和much可为代词
many of..., much of..., ...by many
(B)some,any 后跟单/复数, 不可数/可数均可
some object 某一物体
some objects 一些物体
some money 一些钱
也可作代词：some of..., any of...
(C)few/a few, little/a little
~~~~~~~~+可数 ~~~~~~~~~~~+不可数
few+复数
(D)every/each + 单可
each major styles 错
each ten boys 对
every four years 对
(E)数词/several + 复数
five aircraft 对
several setting 错
(F)one of/among + 复数
* be considered (to be) +noun./adj.
be regareded as
be viewed as
(G)first/only/single + 单/复均可
the first school 第一所学校
the first schools 第一批学校
　　a single + 单可
　　no single + 复可
　(H)hundred,thousand,million,billion
five hundred boys, hundreds of boys, hundred million boys
(I)another + 单可
　　 other + 复名(纯粹的other)
anyother+ 单可
　　例外：other part .(part 永远对)
(J) a number of + 复noun. + 复Verb
the number of + 复noun. + 单verb
The amount fo leisue time is increasing

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